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浅析民事行政检察监督理念的发展趋势/王永刚

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-06-22 04:37:13  浏览:8178   来源:法律资料网
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修改后民诉法将第14条由“人民检察院有权对民事审判活动实行法律监督”修改为“人民检察院有权对民事诉讼实行法律监督”,看似只是“审判”与“诉讼”简单的两字之差,实质上却从概念角度厘清了民事检察监督的范围,标志着民事诉讼检察监督基本原则的新发展。在探讨、实施这一制度的同时,正确审慎民事检察的职能定位和监督理念很有必要。
一、正确认识修改后民诉法对民事抗诉制度的新规定
修改后民诉法仍然把抗诉作为主要的监督手段,但更加突出了检察机关对公权力的监督,突出了对国家利益和社会公共利益的维护,注重了监督的科学性、有效性。具体体现在以下几个方面:
1、扩大了民事抗诉的范围。修改后民诉法首次将调解、执行纳入了抗诉范围。修改后民诉法第208条规定:“最高人民检察院对各级人民法院已经发生法律效力的判决、裁定,上级人民检察院对下级人民法院已经发生法律效力的判决、裁定,发现有本法第二百条规定情形之一的,或者发现调解书损害国家利益、社会公共利益的,应当提出抗诉”。第235条规定:“ 人民检察院有权对民事执行活动实行法律监督”。这两条规定改变了过去只能对生效的判决、裁定进行抗诉的情况,在一定程度上扩大了抗诉的范围,民诉法的这一授权,一方面是客观现实的需要,另一方面也有利于检察机关更好地履行职责。
2、增加了当事人申请抗诉的新规定。修改后民诉法第209条规定:“有下列情形之一的,当事人可以向人民检察院申请检察建议或者抗诉:(一)人民法院驳回再审申请的;(二)人民法院逾期未对再审申请作出裁定的;(三)再审判决、裁定有明显错误的。人民检察院对当事人的申请应当在三个月内进行审查,作出提出或者不予提出检察建议或者抗诉的决定。当事人不得再次向人民检察院申请检察建议或者抗诉。”这意味着民事检察工作重点虽然是对公权力进行监督,但同时也兼有救济私权的作用。
3、规定了检察机关在办理抗诉案件中具有调查权。《人民检察院民事行政抗诉案件办案规则》第18条虽规定检察机关有权实行调查的四种情形,但多年来的司法实践中,检、法两家认识不一,导致检察机关调查权难以行使,这次民诉法修改较好地解决了这个问题。修改后民诉法第210条作出规定“人民检察院因履行法律监督职责提出检察建议或者抗诉的需要,可以向当事人或者案外人调查核实有关情况。”
4、改变了单一的抗诉监督模式。修改后民诉法第208条规定:“地方各级人民检察院对同级人民法院已经发生法律效力的判决、裁定,发现有本法第二百条规定情形之一的,或者发现调解书损害国家利益、社会公共利益的,可以向同级人民法院提出检察建议,并报上级人民检察院备案;也可以提请上级人民检察院向同级人民法院提出抗诉。各级人民检察院对审判监督程序以外的其他审判程序中审判人员的违法行为,有权向同级人民法院提出检察建议。”这一新的规定,不仅是近年来司法改革成果的体现,更是司法实践的需要。多元化的监督方式对加大检察机关对民事诉讼的监督力度,增强监督的效果,都将有着十分重要的作用。
二、准确把握民事检察的法律定位
修改后民诉法虽然初步确立了多元化民事检察监督格局,但抗诉仍然在民事检察工作中处于举足轻重的地位。这不仅是因为检察机关有着长期办理抗诉案件的丰富经验,也因为目前抗诉仍然是诸多法律监督手段中最具有刚性、相对最完备的。如何按照修改后民诉法要求做好抗诉工作,最重要的就是要认真贯彻执行全国第二次民行检察工作会议精神,准确把握民行检察工作的法律定位。
1、强化职权意识,狠抓程序违法、渎职审判、损害国家利益、公共利益等案件的抗诉工作。民事检察是对公权力进行监督,检察权的行使应当是积极的、主动的,检察监督不应当以当事人的意志为前提,而应当以审判诉讼中是否存在渎职违法行为损害司法公正与法律权威为基础。检察机关应当以修改后民诉法实施为契机,转变工作思路,强化职权意识,增强工作的积极性、主动性,着力提高检察人员发现渎职违法审判的能力,变被动监督为主动监督,变等案上门为主动出击。同时,也要清醒地认识到,抗诉启动再审的必然性会直接影响到当事人的私权。检察机关如何在维护公权纯洁性同时,兼顾私权自治原则,这是办理民事抗诉案件必须解决好的问题。
2、积极受理当事人抗诉申请,依法保护好当事人的诉权。当事人向检察机关申请抗诉,这是修改后民诉法赋予当事人的诉权,检察机关要认真按照民诉法的规定,切实保障当事人这一诉权的实现。当事人申请抗诉案件的办理,应当不同于依照职权抗诉案件的办理。一要严格把好受理关。只有符合民诉法第209条规定的三种情形,检察机关才能受理其申请。对于检察机关已经抗诉过的案件,当事人也不能再申请抗诉。二是把好审查关。检察机关应当及时审查,在法律规定的时限内作出是否抗诉的决定。三是把好质量关。对符合修改后民诉法第200条规定关于当事人申请再审情形之一的,应当作出抗诉决定,对于不符合抗诉条件的,应当做好释法说理息诉工作。
3、把握监督与抗诉的不同,处理好抗诉和其他监督手段的关系。长期的民事检察实践中,有相当一部分人把抗诉等同于监督,认为民事检察监督就是抗诉。修改后民诉法已经较好解决监督格局多元化问题,明确了民事检察监督并不等于抗诉,抗诉只是监督手段的一种,除抗诉外,民事检察监督工作还可以通过检察建议、再审检察建议、息诉和纠正违法行为等方式进行。据此,要彻底否定把抗诉和监督等同的错误说法,纠正将当事人申请抗诉表述为当事人申请监督的做法。
三、提高民行监督能力应树立科学的理念
民行检察工作是检察机关一项重要的法律监督工作,提高民行法律监督能力,应当确立五个理念。
(一)居中审查理念
居中审查是指审查民事行政案件时,检察机关针对的是法院的诉讼活动,而不是针对具体的民事争议。作为监督者,其地位是居中于申诉人和人民法院之间,不代表某一方的利益。它以事实和法律作为衡量、判断案件的基础,以纠正错误的裁判、维护司法的公正为宗旨。确立居中审查理念,就应当做到“四不”:不是当事人的代理人,不能有“代言”意识;不是案件的当事人,不能有“主张”意识;不是案件的调查主体,不能有“调查”意识;不是案件的裁决者,不能有“裁判”意识。
(二)有限监督理念
民事行政检察监督是一种公力救济权,其监督工作不应单纯追求实体性、终极性的裁决结果,而是要把主要精力放在落实程序的有效控制之中,那些在当事人眼中的“误判”实际能够为法条精神与社会价值取向所容忍,民行检察监督将履行特有的说服职能,多角度全方位促使当事人接受裁判,消除可能引发的无休止缠诉。
(三)全面监督理念
修改后的民事诉讼法明确拓宽了监督领域、监督方式和监督对象。因此,在贯彻实施中要勇于探索对民行案件诉讼过程进行全程监督的方式;探索用民事手段解决刑事案件中的民事责任追究问题;探索用民事手段追缴被腐败官员转移到国外资产的个案操作方式;探索对行政执法活动中的违法行为进行法律监督等,并日臻完善《人民检察院民事行政抗诉案件办案规则》内容和程序,不断创新监督方式和提高监督效果。
(四)优势证据理念
民事诉讼规则是“谁主张谁举证”;行政诉讼是“谁作出具体行政行为谁举证”。民事行政诉讼首先是要求“证据充分”;其次是要求“优势证据”。在实际工作中,民行抗诉工作的主要任务就是审查人民法院裁判所依据的证据是否达到了确实、充分的程度。如果经过审查,原被告双方的诉讼请求均没有确实、充分的证据支持,或有矛盾,或相互间有否定的证据存在,则要按照“优势证据”的要求进行审查认定,这不仅是人民法院审查证据,审理民事行政案件的基本原则,也应作为民行抗诉工作中审查证据的一个重要理念。
(五)效果平衡理念
一方面,既要维护司法公正,又要维护司法权威。司法权威来源于当事人对司法裁判的认同。对于审判机关确有错误的裁判结果,依法提出抗诉或者提出再审检察建议,既是维护司法公正,同时也是对司法权威的维护;查处部分审判人员的职务犯罪,清除蒙在司法权威之上的阴影,实质上也是对司法公正的维护,对于审判机关正确的裁判,检察机关站在法律监督机关的角度,认真做好当事人的息诉服判工作,同样是对审判权威的维护。
另一方面,就是要坚持法律效果与社会效果有机统一。既要严格地执行法律,依法办理案件,又要克服孤立办案、就案办案等单纯业务观点,把民事法律和民事政策有机地结合起来,把维护公民、法人合法权益和维护公共利益、社会稳定结合起来,把法律上的可抗性同和谐社会的稳定与发展的现实需要结合起来,把依法抗诉、查办职务犯罪和做好息诉服判等化解矛盾工作结合起来,确保法律效果和社会效果的有机统一。

景县人民检察院 王永刚
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TRANSFER OF BUSINESSES (PROTECTION OF CREDITORS) ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


TRANSFER OF BUSINESSES (PROTECTION OF CREDITORS) ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 49)
 Whole document:
  
  rotect creditors on the transfer of businesses, to provide 
for the
  ility of transferees of business, the manner in which such 
liability
  be avoided and for matters incidental thereto and connected
therewith,
  to repeal the Fraudulent Transfers of Businesses Ordinance.
  June 1980]
 1. Short title
  
  Ordinance may be cited as the Transfer of Businesses (Protection 
of
  itors) Ordinance.
 2. Interpretation
  
  In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  eal" includes a motion for a new trial or to set aside a 
verdict,
  ing or judgment;
  iness" means a business, or any part thereof, consisting of a
trade or
  pation (other than a profession) whether or not it is carried on 
with
  ew to profit; "charge" means--
  a debenture within the meaning of the Companies Ordinance (Cap.
32);
  a mortgage;
  a bill of sale;
  a lien; or
  any document,
  r or pursuant to which a business or any assets thereof are charged
as
  rity for the payment of money or the performance of an obligation,
and
  udes an equitable charge;
  rge-holder" means a person who, under or pursuant to a charge,
and for
  purpose of enforcing payment of any money or for the 
performance of
  obligation, may sell any business;
  e of transfer" means the date on which a transfer takes effect 
or is
  nded to take effect;
  ice of transfer" means a notice of transfer in accordance with
section
  registered charge" means a charge which is registered under--
  the Land Registration Ordinance (Cap. 128);
  the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 32);
  the Bills of Sale Ordinance (Cap. 20); or
  any other enactment;
  nsfer" means the transfer or sale of a business, but does not
include-
  the sale of the stock-in-trade of a business in the ordinary
course of
  trade;
  the creation of a charge;
  the transfer of land or any share or interest therein; or
  the transfer of a vessel (or the transfer of any interest or 
share
  ein), other than--
  a vessel to which Part IV of the Shipping and Port Control 
Ordinance
  . 313) applies; or
  a trawler to which Part XII of the Merchant Shipping Ordinance 
(Cap.
  applies; "transferee" means the person to whom a 
business is
  sferred by a transferor; "transferor" means--
  in the case of the sale of a business under or pursuant to a 
charge,
  person whose business has been or is intended to be sold;
  in every other case, the person by whom or on whose 
behalf the
  sfer has been or is intended to be made.
  For the purposes of this Ordinance "transferor" and 
"transferee"
  ectively include a sub-transferor and a sub-transferee.
 3. Transferee of business to be liable for liabilities of trans- 
feror
  
  Subject to this Ordinance, whenever any business is transferred, 
with
  ithout the goodwill thereof, the transferee shall,
notwithstanding any
  ement to the contrary, become liable for all the 
debts  and
  gations, including liability for tax charged or chargeable 
under the
  nd Revenue Ordinance (Cap. 112), arising out of the carrying on
of the
  ness by the transferor.
  Notwithstanding subsection (1), where a part of a 
business is
  sferred (other than the goodwill thereof) and in any
proceedings--
  the transferee would, but for this subsection, be adjudged 
liable
  r this Ordinance for any debts and obligations arising out 
of the
  ying on of the business by the transferor; and
  it is shown to the satisfaction of the court hearing the 
proceedings
  --
  the transferee purchased such part of the business in good faith 
and
  value; and
  at the date of transfer of such part of the business, the 
transferee
  no knowledge (whether actual, constructive or imputed)
  what he was acquiring formed part of a business,
  transferee shall not be liable under this Ordinance for the debts 
and
  gations arising out of the carrying on of the business 
by the
  sferor.
 4. Circumstances in which the transferee's liability ceases
  
  A transferee shall not become liable under section 3 if a 
notice of
  sfer has been given not more than 4 months, and not less than 1
month,
  re the date of transfer and has become complete at the 
date of
  sfer.
  Where a notice of transfer has been given but the notice 
has not
  me complete at the date of transfer, the liability of the 
transferee
  r section 3 shall cease with effect from the date on which the 
notice
  ransfer becomes complete.
  Where a notice of transfer has not been given before or at the
date of
  sfer, the liability of the transferee under section 3 shall cease
with
  ct from the date on which a notice of transfer, which is given 
after
  date of transfer, becomes complete.
  A notice of transfer shall, subject to subsections (5) and (6),
become
  lete upon the expiration of 1 month after the date of 
the last
  ication of the notice in accordance with section 5.
  Subject to subsection (6), in the case of a notice of 
transfer
  rred to--
  in subsection (1), if proceedings are instituted 
against  the
  sferor in respect of any liability of the transferor arising 
before
  notice has become complete and out of the carrying on 
of his
  ness; or
  in subsection (2) or (3), if proceedings are instituted 
against the
  sferee in respect of any liability of the transferee under 
section 3
  ing before such notice becomes complete,
  notice of transfer shall (for the purposes of such proceedings 
only)
  eemed incomplete pending the final determination of such 
proceedings,
  uding all possible appeals, and pending the expiration of all 
periods
  ng which such appeals may be brought.
  Where proceedings are instituted, a notice of transfer shall 
not be
  ed incomplete under subsection (5) unless within 1 month 
of the
  eedings being instituted--
  they are served on the transferor or transferee, as the case may 
be;
  
  written notice that they have been instituted is sent by 
registered
  to the last known address of such transferor or transferee.
 5. Contents of notice of transfer and manner of giving notice
  
  Except in the case of a transfer by way of sale under or pursuant
to a
  ge, a notice of transfer shall contain the following
particulars--
  the full name and address of the transferor;
  the nature of the business and the name or style under which, and 
the
  address at which, it has been carried on during the period 
of 6
  hs immediately preceding the date of transfer;
  the date of transfer;
  the full name and the residential and business addresses 
of the
  sferee;
  if the transferee--
  intends to carry on or is carrying on the business, the full 
address
  e, and the name and style under which, he is carrying it on or
intends
  arry it on; or
  is not carrying on the business and does not intend to carry it
on, a
  ement to that effect; and
  a statement that at the expiration of 1 month after the date of 
the
  publication of the notice pursuant to subsection (3), the 
liability
  he transferee for all the debts and obligations arising out 
of the
  ying on of the business by the transferor shall cease by 
virtue of
  Ordinance unless proceedings are instituted prior to such
expiration.
  In the case of a transfer by way of sale under or pursuant 
to a
  ge, a notice of transfer shall contain the following
particulars--
  the nature of the business, and the name or style under which,
and the
  address at which, it has been carried on during the period 
of 3
  hs immediately preceding the date of transfer;
  the full name and address of the person whose business has been,
or is
  nded to be, transferred by way of sale under or pursuant 
to the
  ge;
  details of the charge under or pursuant to which the transfer by 
way
  ale has been or is to be made, sufficient to enable any 
document
  ting or evidencing the charge to be readily identified and, 
without
  ting the generality of the foregoing, such details shall
include--
  the date when the charge was made, given, executed or 
came into
  tence;
  the consideration for which the charge was executed, made or 
given
  if there was no such consideration, the circumstances in which
it came
  existence;
  ) in the case of a registered charge, the date of the registration 
of
  charge, the title of any enactment under which it was registered 
and
  number or other means of identifying the charge assigned to it 
upon
  stration;
  the date of transfer; and
  the amount of money, payment of which has been secured by the 
charge
  which was owing--
  at the date of the publication of the notice of transfer; or
  if the transfer has already taken effect, at the date of the
transfer
  aking effect.
  Every notice of transfer shall be signed--
  by both the transferor and the transferee, in the case of a 
transfer
  hich subsection (1) applies; or
  by the charge-holder and the transferee, in the case of a transfer 
to
  h subsection (2) applies,
  shall be given by publication in--
  the Gazette;
  any 2 of such Chinese language newspapers circulating in Hong Kong
as
  be approved for the purpose by the Chief Secretary; and (Amended
L. N.
  f 1985; L. N. 242 of 1989)
  ) 1 English language newspaper circulating in Hong Kong which has
been
  pproved.
 6. Right of transferee to indemnity
  
  The transferee shall be entitled to be indemnified--
  by the transferor, except in the case of a transfer by way of 
sale
  r or pursuant to a charge; or
  by the charge-holder, if the transfer is by way of sale 
under or
  uant to a charge,
  all amounts for which the transferee is made liable 
under this
  nance and for which he would not otherwise be liable.
  The amount of such an indemnity may be recovered by civil 
proceedings
  debt or liquidated demand.
 7. Liability of parties not affected
  
  ing in this Ordinance shall relieve or be deemed to 
relieve a
  sferor or transferee, or any person who sells a business 
under or
  uant to a charge, from any liability to which he would 
otherwise be
  ect.
 8. Limitation of liability of transferee
  
  A transferee who in good faith and without preference has 
paid in
  harge or partial discharge of any liability for which he became
liable
  r this Ordinance, and for which he would not otherwise 
have been
  le, an amount which is equal to the value of the business acquired 
by
  at the date on which the transfer took effect, shall not be 
liable
  her under this Ordinance.
  The value of a business acquired by a transferee at the date on 
which
  transfer takes effect shall, until the contrary is proved, be
presumed
  e an amount equal to the amount paid or agreed to be paid (whether 
in
  s of money or by means of any other consideration) for the
acquisition
  he business.
 9. Limitation of time for institution of proceedings
  
  ect to section 6, no action shall be instituted to recover any 
debt
  or to enforce any obligation against any person liable therefor
under
  Ordinance, and for which he would not otherwise have been 
liable,
  than 1 year after the date on which the transfer in respect of 
which
  liability arose took effect.
 10. Saving
  
  Ordinance shall not apply to any transferee where the transfer
  ffected--
  by the Official Receiver or a trustee in bankruptcy;
  by the liquidator of a company in liquidation other than 
voluntary
  idation;
  by the Financial Secretary Incorporated; (Amended L. N. 369 of
1989)
  by the Director of Education Incorporated;
  by the Director of Social Welfare Incorporated;
  by a person selling under or pursuant to a charge which has 
been
  stered for not less than 1 year at the date when the transfer 
takes
  ct;
  pursuant to any order or direction of any court;
  by an executor or administrator; or
  by operation of law.
 11. Repeal and saving
  
  The Fraudulent Transfers of Businesses Ordinance (Cap. 49, 1964 
Ed.)
  epealed.
  Notwithstanding subsection (1), the Fraudulent Transfers of
Businesses
  nance (Cap. 49, 1964 Ed. ) shall continue to apply with respect 
to a
  sfer--
  which took effect; and
  in respect of which notice was given under section 3 
of that
  nance, before the coming into operation of this Ordinance, as if 
this
  nance had not been passed.


国务院关于贯彻实施中国21世纪议程——中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书的通知

国务院


国务院关于贯彻实施中国21世纪议程——中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书的通知
国务院


《中国21世纪议程——中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书》(以下简称《议程》),已经国务院常务会议原则通过,其主要内容和基本精神已经公布。《议程》是制订我国国民经济和社会发展中长期计划的指导性文件,同时也是中国政府认真履行1991年联合国环境与发展大
会文件的原则立场和实际行动。
我国是发展中国家,我们的基本国情和到本世纪末以及下一世纪中叶的发展目标,决定了我国经济发展不能只注重数量的增长,忽略对资源持续利用的发展模式和生活方式的研究,必须以可持续发展思想为指导,制定我国的发展战略和相应的对策,走出一条具有中国特色的发展道路。


《议程》从我国的具体国情和人口、环境与发展的总体联系出发,提出了促进经济、社会、资源与环境相互协调和可持续发展的总体战略、对策以及行动方案。它的贯彻实施需要各地方、各部门以及全体人民的共同参与和努力。为此,提出以下要求:
一、要将《议程》作为各级人民政府制定国民经济和社会发展中长期计划的指导性文件,并将其基本思想和内容,在“九五”计划和到2010年远景发展目标中得到具体体现。
二、各地方、各部门要结合自己的实际工作,通过各种途径组织实施《议程》;要广泛宣传《议程》的基本思想,取得广大干部和人民群众的理解和支持,使贯彻实施《议程》成为各级政府和人民群众的自觉行动。
三、要进一步广泛开展国际合作,吸引更多的国外资金和技术,用于环境保护等方面具有重大影响的项目。
《议程》的正式文本,由国家计委和国家科委另行印发。



1994年7月4日

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